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Project: RSpec Expectations 2.13

Publisher: RSpec

include matcher

Use the include matcher to specify that a collection includes one or more
expected objects. This works on any object that responds to #include? (such
as a string or array):

  "a string".should include("a")
  "a string".should include("str")
  "a string".should include("str", "g")
  "a string".should_not include("foo")

  [1, 2].should include(1)
  [1, 2].should include(1, 2)
  [1, 2].should_not include(17)

The matcher also provides flexible handling for hashes:

  {:a => 1, :b => 2}.should include(:a)
  {:a => 1, :b => 2}.should include(:a, :b)
  {:a => 1, :b => 2}.should include(:a => 1)
  {:a => 1, :b => 2}.should include(:b => 2, :a => 1)
  {:a => 1, :b => 2}.should_not include(:c)
  {:a => 1, :b => 2}.should_not include(:a => 2)
  {:a => 1, :b => 2}.should_not include(:c => 3)
Scenarios
  1. array usage
  2. string usage
  3. hash usage
  4. fuzzy usage with matchers
array usage
Given
a file named "array_include_matcher_spec.rb" with: 
describe [1, 3, 7] do
  it { should include(1) }
  it { should include(3) }
  it { should include(7) }
  it { should include(1, 7) }
  it { should include(1, 3, 7) }
  it { should_not include(17) }
  it { should_not include(43, 100) }

  # deliberate failures
  it { should include(4) }
  it { should_not include(1) }
  it { should_not include(3) }
  it { should_not include(7) }
  it { should_not include(1, 3, 7) }

  # both of these should fail since it includes 1 but not 9
  it { should include(1, 9) }
  it { should_not include(1, 9) }
end
When
I run rspec array_include_matcher_spec.rb
Then
the output should contain all of these:
14 examples, 7 failures
expected [1, 3, 7] to include 4
expected [1, 3, 7] not to include 1
expected [1, 3, 7] not to include 3
expected [1, 3, 7] not to include 7
expected [1, 3, 7] not to include 1, 3, and 7
expected [1, 3, 7] to include 1 and 9
expected [1, 3, 7] not to include 1 and 9
string usage
Given
a file named "string_include_matcher_spec.rb" with: 
describe "a string" do
  it { should include("str") }
  it { should include("a", "str", "ng") }
  it { should_not include("foo") }
  it { should_not include("foo", "bar") }

  # deliberate failures
  it { should include("foo") }
  it { should_not include("str") }
  it { should include("str", "foo") }
  it { should_not include("str", "foo") }
end
When
I run rspec string_include_matcher_spec.rb
Then
the output should contain all of these:
8 examples, 4 failures
expected "a string" to include "foo"
expected "a string" not to include "str"
expected "a string" to include "str" and "foo"
expected "a string" not to include "str" and "foo"
hash usage
Given
a file named "hash_include_matcher_spec.rb" with: 
describe Hash do
  subject { { :a => 7, :b => 5 } }

  it { should include(:a) }
  it { should include(:b, :a) }
  it { should include(:a => 7) }
  it { should include(:b => 5, :a => 7) }
  it { should_not include(:c) }
  it { should_not include(:c, :d) }
  it { should_not include(:d => 2) }
  it { should_not include(:a => 5) }
  it { should_not include(:b => 7, :a => 5) }

  # deliberate failures
  it { should_not include(:a) }
  it { should_not include(:b, :a) }
  it { should_not include(:a => 7) }
  it { should_not include(:a => 7, :b => 5) }
  it { should include(:c) }
  it { should include(:c, :d) }
  it { should include(:d => 2) }
  it { should include(:a => 5) }
  it { should include(:a => 5, :b => 7) }

  # Mixed cases--the hash includes one but not the other.
  # All 4 of these cases should fail.
  it { should include(:a, :d) }
  it { should_not include(:a, :d) }
  it { should include(:a => 7, :d => 3) }
  it { should_not include(:a => 7, :d => 3) }
end
When
I run rspec hash_include_matcher_spec.rb
Then
the output should contain "13 failure"
fuzzy usage with matchers
Given
a file named "fuzzy_include_matcher_spec.rb" with: 
require 'ostruct'

class User < OpenStruct
  def inspect
    name
  end
end

RSpec::Matchers.define :a_user_named do |expected|
  match do |actual|
    actual.is_a?(User) && (actual.name == expected)
  end
  description do
    "a user named '#{expected}'"
  end
end

describe "Collection of users" do
  subject do
    [User.new(:name => "Joe"),
     User.new(:name => "Fred"),
     User.new(:name => "John"),
     User.new(:name => "Luke"),
     User.new(:name => "David")]
  end

  it { should include( a_user_named "Joe" ) }
  it { should include( a_user_named "Luke" ) }
  it { should_not include( a_user_named "Richard" ) }
  it { should_not include( a_user_named "Hayley" ) }

  # deliberate failures
  it { should include( a_user_named "Richard" ) }
  it { should_not include( a_user_named "Fred" ) }
  it { should include( a_user_named "Sarah" ) }
  it { should_not include( a_user_named "Luke" ) }
end
When
I run rspec fuzzy_include_matcher_spec.rb
Then
the output should contain all of these:
8 examples, 4 failures
expected [Joe, Fred, John, Luke, David] to include a user named 'Richard'
expected [Joe, Fred, John, Luke, David] not to include a user named 'Fred'
expected [Joe, Fred, John, Luke, David] to include a user named 'Sarah'
expected [Joe, Fred, John, Luke, David] not to include a user named 'Luke'

Last published over 7 years ago by myronmarston.